FBM237,FBM237,FBM237
梯形圖（Ladder Diagram）程序設(shè)計(jì)語言舉例介紹
梯形圖程序設(shè)計(jì)語言是最常用的一種程序設(shè)計(jì)語言。它來源于繼電器邏輯控制系統(tǒng)的描述。在工業(yè)過程控制領(lǐng)域，電氣技術(shù)人員對(duì)繼電器邏輯控制技術(shù)較為熟悉，因此，由這種邏輯控制技術(shù)發(fā)展而來的梯形圖受到了歡迎，并得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。梯形圖與操作原理圖相對(duì)應(yīng)，具有直觀性和對(duì)應(yīng)性；與原有的繼電器邏輯控制技術(shù)的不同點(diǎn)是，梯形圖中的能流不是實(shí)際意義的電流，內(nèi)部的繼電器也不是實(shí)際存在的繼電器，因此，應(yīng)用時(shí)，需與原有繼電器邏輯控制技術(shù)的有關(guān)概念區(qū)別對(duì)待。LAD圖形指令有3個(gè)基本形式：
（1）觸點(diǎn)：
觸點(diǎn)符號(hào)代表輸入條件如外部開關(guān)，按鈕及內(nèi)部條件等。CPU運(yùn)行掃描到觸點(diǎn)符號(hào)時(shí)，到觸點(diǎn)位指定的存儲(chǔ)器位訪問（即CPU對(duì)存儲(chǔ)器的讀操作）。該位數(shù)據(jù)（狀態(tài)）為1時(shí)，表示“能流”能通過。計(jì)算機(jī)讀操作的次數(shù)不受限制，用戶程序中，常開觸點(diǎn)，常閉觸點(diǎn)可以使用無數(shù)次。
（2）線圈：
線圈表示輸出結(jié)果，通過輸出接口電路來控制外部的指示燈、接觸器等及內(nèi)部的輸出條件等。線圈左側(cè)接點(diǎn)組成的邏輯運(yùn)算結(jié)果為1時(shí)，“能流”可以達(dá)到線圈，使線圈得電動(dòng)作，CPU將線圈的位地址指定的存儲(chǔ)器的位置位為1，邏輯運(yùn)算結(jié)果為0，線圈不通電，存儲(chǔ)器的位置0。即線圈代表CPU對(duì)存儲(chǔ)器的寫操作。PLC采用循環(huán)掃描的工作方式，所以在用戶程序中，每個(gè)線圈只能使用一次。
（3）指令盒：指令盒代表一些較復(fù)雜的功能。如定時(shí)器，計(jì)數(shù)器或數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算指令等。當(dāng)“能流”通過指令盒時(shí)，執(zhí)行指令盒所代表的功能。
梯形圖按照邏輯關(guān)系可分成網(wǎng)絡(luò)段，分段只是為了閱讀和調(diào)試方便。在舉例中將網(wǎng)絡(luò)段省去。圖1是梯形圖示例。
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